3.What is insulin?Insulin resistance.Fructose.

 Insulin is hormone, manufacturing and releasing by beta-cells islets of pancreas  gland, which  a good regulating entering glucose from blood, and liver s cells, fatty acids and skeleton muscles .In , addition to supporting balance of glucose, insulin  promoting for many cells  s processes, including regulation for synthesis glycogen, fatty metabolism, synthesis DNA, transcription genes, amino acids transport, and synthesis and splitting  of proteins. Biologic effect of insulin directed on specific receptor on the cell's  surface, calling insulin receptor, such receptors finding on a surface all  cells  of organism.

In normal physiological conditions rising level of glucose in blood, as after meal eating ,causing increasing  manufacturing insulin and his  rising in blood, stimulating glucose transport in periphery tissue and suppressing glycogenesis in liver, so organism understand, that glucose in ration now is enough . Glycogenesis is forming glucose from other sources are staying in organism, in failure or absence glucose in ration.

 Picture 1. Insulin  regulates the level of glucose in blood, allowing for cells of the organism  using glucose as for energy source. Rising   level of glucose in blood after meal eaten activates   manufacturing insulin and leading to rising his level in blood, stimulating   transport of glucose in periphery tissues and her using by cells.

Insulin stimulates glucose absorption by fatty cells.And,  used glucose converting by liver and fatty cells in  triglycerides ,which after are repeatedly using as for energy quality, when its needing is happening growing of fatty cells.

 Growing of fatty cells happening very activity in organism and tissues, which are having sensitive to affecting of insulin are special receptors GLUT4,which activating under insulin, working ,like funnel, through a which in cell on big quantities enters glucose .If,  this glucose not using by cells and tissues, thus organism launches process postponing for  fat, and by proceeding  from localization receptors  GLUT 4 ,these places for postponing a fat will be a muscles and fatty tissue.

 

Picture 2. After eating a meal with abundant     carbohydrates in a blood rising glucose level, and insulin. And of this a liver increasing manufacturing a fat, postponing    fat as a fatty tissue increasing, and burning fat as in muscles and in liver delaying . Thus  , rising glucose level and insulin in blood always lead to fat postponing.

 When level   of insulin falling as in high physical activity peoples as high sensitive to insulin as without obesity so on   the long rests between meal using or on the disease, starving and cells  are not getting glucose and using for getting energy are fats, which not need transporting through cell membrane .Thus, by this method works ketogenic  diet:cells not having access to glucose from meal , and level on insulin not rising, and cells using own stocks  of glucose, and also fats, that am share posts before and we  talk detailed in chapter 8.Thus,  insulin is cell s regulator of fatty metabolism.